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Ramananda (IAST: Rāmānanda) was a 14th-century Vaishnava devotional poet sant, in the Ganges river region of Northern India.〔 The Hindu tradition recognizes him as the founder〔 of the Ramanandi Sampradaya, the largest monastic Hindu renunciant community in modern times.〔Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, pages 165-166〕〔James G Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0823931804, pages 553-554〕 Ramananda is also known as Jagadguru Ramanandacharya, and revered by his followers to be an incarnation of Hindu god Rama. Born in a Brahmin family, Ramananda for the most part of his life lived in the holy city of Varanasi.〔〔David Lorenzen, Who Invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History, ISBN 978-8190227261, pages 104-106〕 His year of birth or death are uncertain, but historical evidence suggests he was one of the earliest sants and a pioneering figure of the Bhakti movement as it rapidly grew in north India, sometime between the 14th and mid 15th century during its Islamic rule period.〔〔 Tradition asserts that Ramananda developed his philosophy and devotional themes inspired by the south Indian Vedanta philosopher Ramanuja, however evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by ''Nathpanthi'' ascetics of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy.〔 An early social reformer, Ramananda accepted disciples without discriminating anyone by gender, class, caste or religion (he accepted Muslims).〔Gerald James Larson (1995), India's Agony Over Religion, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791424124, page 116〕 Traditional scholarship holds that his disciples included later Bhakti movement ''poet-sants'' such as Kabir, Ravidas, Bhagat Pipa and others,〔〔 however some postmodern scholars have questioned some of this spiritual lineage while others have supported this lineage with historical evidence.〔Schomer and McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 9788120802773, page 54〕〔Julia Leslie (1996), Myth and Mythmaking: Continuous Evolution in Indian Tradition, Routledge, ISBN 978-0700703036, pages 117-119〕 His ideas also influenced the founding of Sikhism in 15th century, and his verse and he are mentioned in the Sikh scripture Adi Granth.〔〔Winnand Callewaert (2015), The Hagiographies of Anantadas: The Bhakti Poets of North India, Routledge, ISBN 978-1138862463, pages 405-407〕 Ramananda was known for composing his works and discussing spiritual themes in vernacular Hindi, stating that this makes knowledge accessible to the masses.〔William Pinch (1996), Peasants and Monks in British India, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520200616, pages 53-89〕 == Biography == Little is known with certainty about the life of Ramananda, including year of birth and death, as well as the place of birth.〔〔Enzo Turbiani (Editor: RS McGregor, 1992), Devotional Literature in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521413114, page 51〕 His biography has been derived from mentions of him in secondary literature and inconsistent hagiographies.〔〔〔 The most accepted version holds that Ramananda was born in a Brahmin family,〔Max Arthur Macauliffe (2013 Reprint), The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors, Volume 6, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1108055482, pages 100-101〕 about mid 14th-century, and died about mid 15th-century.〔Charlotte Vaudeville (1974), Kabir, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0198265269, pages 110-117〕〔Selva Raj and William Harman (2007), Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791467084, pages 165-185〕〔Nirmal Dass (2000), Songs of the Saints from the Adi Granth, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791446843, page 160-164〕 There are two competing theories for his place of birth.〔 One version, based on ''Agastya-samhita'',〔Antonio Rigopoulos (1993), The Life And Teachings Of Sai Baba Of Shirdi, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791412671, page 34〕 states that he was born in ''Prayag'', a place now known as Allahabad, to Sushila and Punyasadan. Another version states that he was born in south India, and settled in the holy city of Varanasi to launch the Bhakti movement already established in southern regions of India.〔〔〔Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195351903, page 36〕 According to the medieval era ''Bhaktamala'' text by Nabhadas, Ramananda studied under ''Raghavananda'', a ''guru'' (teacher) in Vedanta-based Vatakalai (northern, Rama-avatar) school of Vaishnavism.〔 Other scholars state that Ramananda's education started in Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta school, before he met ''Raghavananda'' and began his studies in Ramanuja's Vishishtadvaita Vedanta school.〔Edmour J Babineau (2008), Love of God and Social Duty in the Rāmcaritmānas, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120823990, pages 65-66〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ramananda」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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